ISAAC NEWTON 1642-1727

Nature and the laws of nature hidden in the night.
God said, Let Newton there! And everything will be bright.

Isaac Newton, scientists largest and most influential ever lived, was born in Woolsthrope, England, right on Christmas day 1642, the year coinciding with the death of Galileo. Like the Prophet Muhammad, he was born after his father died. In the boy he had shown real skill in the field of mechanics and very skillful use of his hands. Although children with a brilliant brain, the school seemed reluctant and did not attract much attention. When stepping on baliq passage, her mother out of school in the hope their children can be a good farmer. Fortunately the mother could be persuaded, that the main talent lies not in there. At age eighteen he entered the University of Cambridge. This is where Newton is quick to absorb what was then known to science and mathematics and very quickly as well start doing its own investigation. Between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-seven years he has laid the foundations of the theory of knowledge which in turn then change the world.
Mid-17th century was a period of hatchery science. The discovery near the beginning of the century telescope that has revolutionized the entire opinion about the science of astrology. English philosopher Francis Bacon and the French philosopher Rene Descartes both call upon scientists across Europe so that no longer rely on the authority of Aristotle, but to experiment and research on the basic point of departure and his own purposes. What was put forward by Bacon and Descartes, has been practiced by the great Galileo. The use of telescopes, new findings by Newton for astronomical research has revolutionized the field investigation, and he did in the mechanics sector has resulted in what is now known as "Newton's laws of motion" of the first.
Another great scientist, like William Harvey, discoverer of blood circulation affairs and governance inventor Johannes Kepler motion of planets around the sun, presents very basic information for the scholar. However, pure science is still a favorite of intellectuals, and still has not been proven - when used in technology - that science can change the basic pattern of human life as predicted by Francis Bacon.
Although Copernicus and Galileo had kicked aside a few presumption digress about the ancient knowledge and has been presenting a more genah understanding about the universe, but no one thought the subject matter carefully formulated that is able to deflect the notion that smallholder stacks and baseless as he arranged them in a theory that allows the development of predictions more scientific. None other than Isaac Newton was the one person capable of presenting a collection of theories summarized neatly and laid the foundation stone of modern science that is now the current fad so people.
Newton himself somewhat reluctantly publish and announce its findings. The basic idea was drawn up long before the year 1669, but many new theories were publicly known for years afterward. The first publication of its discovery is concerned penjungkir in reverse long-held assumption about the light of things. In a careful series of experiments, Newton discovered the fact that what is commonly called the "white light" is actually none other than that contained a mixture of all colors in the rainbow. And he was very careful analysis of the consequences of the law of reflection and refraction of light. Sticking to the law he is - in 1668 - designed and well built the first reflecting telescope, binoculars model used by most investigators kemintang current-star. This discovery, along with the results obtained in the field of optical experiments that have been diperagakannya, dedicated by him to the British royal institute researcher when he was twenty-nine years.
The success of Newton in the field of optics alone may be sufficient to put Newton on the list order this book. Meanwhile there are discoveries that are less important in the field of pure mathematics and in the field of mechanics. Greatest offerings in the field of mathematics is the discovery of "integral calculus" which may be solved when he was twenty-three or twenty-four years. This discovery is the most important works in the field of modern mathematics. Not just like a seed that grows therefrom modern mathematical theory, but also furniture inevitable that without his invention of modern knowledge advances that came after is impossible. Even Newton did not do anything else, the discovery of "integral calculus" it alone is sufficient to lead him into a tall ladder in the list order this book.
But the discoveries of Newton's most important is in the field of mechanics, knowledge about the movement of an object. Galileo was the inventor of the first laws that describe the motion of an object when not influenced by outside forces. Of course, essentially all objects are influenced by outside forces and the most important issue in mechanical affairs is how objects move in that state. This problem is solved by Newton's second law of motion and famous and can be regarded as the laws of classical physics the most important. The second law (in matcmatik described dcngan equation F = ma) stipulates that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force divided by mass of the object. Against the second law of Newton's third law adds famous of motion (asserts that in every action, such as physical strength, there is a reaction equal to the contrary) and the most famous inventions of the scientific principle of universal law of gravity. The four devices of this law, if combined, would form a unified system applicable for the entire macro-mechanics systems, ranging from pergoyangan pendulum to move planets in orbit around the sun that can be watched and his movements can be predicted. Newton did not just set the laws of mechanics, but he himself also uses the tools of mathematical calculus, and show that these fundamental formulas can be used for solving problems.
Newton's laws can be and has been used in large scale field of scientific and technical equipment of various fields of design. In his lifetime, pemraktekan the most dramatic is in the field of astronomy. In this sector too Newton standing at the front. In 1678 Newton published his famous book Principles of mathematical natural philosophy (usually summarized Principia only). In the book, Newton put forward his theory about the law of gravity and the laws of motion. He shows how these laws can be used to estimate the movements of planets around the sun. The main issue movements of astronomy is how to estimate the exact position and movement-kemintang stars and planets, thus fully solved by Newton with just snapped. Top of his work was Newton is often considered the greatest astronomer of all the biggest.
What is our assessment of the significance of Newton scholarship? If we open the open the index encyclopedia of science, we will encounter along the particulars concerning Newton's laws and its findings on two or three times more numerous than the particulars of any scientist. Said the great scholars that Leibniz was not close to Newton even been involved in a bitter quarrel: "Of all the things related to mathematics from the start of the developing world to the existence of Newton, the ones who contributed the best." Also praise given by the great French scholar, Laplace: "The book Principia Newton was far ahead of all products of human genius in the world." And Langrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived. While Ernst Mach in his writing in 1901 said, "All of a mathematical problem that is solved since the days of his life is the basis for the development of mechanics based on Newton's laws." This is probably the major discovery of the most intricate Newton: he found a container of separation between fact and law, able to describe some of the magic but not much help to make guesses; he bequeathed to us the laws of the continuum that can be used for problems in space physics a very broad scope of the secret and contains the possibility to make the right guesses.